The development of Pasang Emas has been stagnant for some time for good reasons. First, it is rather mature and there seems to be no urgent bugs to fix. Second, I have been busy with another software project called Mutiara. With Mutiara, you can easily create intricate motifs. The images for the Fragrance theme of Pasang Emas was created entirely using Mutiara.
I'm happy to announce the first public release of Mutiara. Though flagged as beta, this version is usable.
Now that this initial release is done, I will return to Pasang Emas development. My immediate plan is to migrate it to gtk3.
February 9, 2012
November 2, 2011
It runs on Windows
My colleague, Dr Buhari, successfully ported Pasang Emas 3.1.0 to Windows. He used Code::Blocks to generate the port. The "configure" step was done manually by tweaking the C source code.
October 31, 2011
New "Fragrance" theme
I have created a new theme for Pasang Emas. This theme, called "Fragrance", is available as a separate download.
June 28, 2011
Pasang Emas translated to German
The development version of Pasang Emas (available here) now includes a German translation. This is the first ever translation submitted by a third party to the Pasang Emas project. The translation was contributed by Markus Enzenberger. He is a developer for Fuego, an engine for the game of Go, and Benzene, an engine for the game of Hex.
Software developers don't normally make too much fuss when their work gets translated to another language. But pasang is a traditional game of Brunei that is still obscure, even among the people of Brunei. Getting this first translation is an important milestone.
Software developers don't normally make too much fuss when their work gets translated to another language. But pasang is a traditional game of Brunei that is still obscure, even among the people of Brunei. Getting this first translation is an important milestone.
January 17, 2011
November 16, 2010
French touch
On three French web sites I discovered three different designs for pasang board.
2 Tours de Jeu, a site documenting rules for strategy games, exhibits a simple makeshift pasang board. The pieces are placed inside squares (just like checkers and chess), a departure from the conventional placement on grid intersections. This is not really unusual; an early non-libre version of Pasang Emas included a theme which departed similarly from the convention. What is really unusual is the set of rules for the game. It is totally different from what Pasang Emas implements. This unusual version of pasang is described by R C Bell in his book "Discovering Old Board Games".
Some people dispute the accuracy of Bell's account. But I do not currently wish to go into that debate. I wouldn't be surprised either way.
Association pour Vivre l'AutoGestion, a social club for family entertainment, has this catalogue of rental games. Page 25 of this catalogue shows an ornamented pasang board. You have got to see it to believe it. The French are adding a dash of their own art to the Brunei game. That's truly multi-cultural.
Geoludie has an online catalogue of world games for sale. It includes what appears to be a modern looking pasang board with small plastic marbles as pieces (unless my discernment has failed me and those are actually computer generated). Geoludie's pasang has 2 sets of rules: the one described by Bell and the one implemented by Pasang Emas. (Geoludie actually contacted me in 2006 regarding the irreconcilable differences between the two versions. So, they are in business of selling pasang for a long time already). The unusual use of marbles (placed presumably inside shallow cups on the board) is based on Bell's description of the game. Having played Chinese checkers using marbles on a holey board, I can attest the practicality of that design.
17 March 2018: Edited to replace broken links with Wayback Machine
2 Tours de Jeu, a site documenting rules for strategy games, exhibits a simple makeshift pasang board. The pieces are placed inside squares (just like checkers and chess), a departure from the conventional placement on grid intersections. This is not really unusual; an early non-libre version of Pasang Emas included a theme which departed similarly from the convention. What is really unusual is the set of rules for the game. It is totally different from what Pasang Emas implements. This unusual version of pasang is described by R C Bell in his book "Discovering Old Board Games".
Some people dispute the accuracy of Bell's account. But I do not currently wish to go into that debate. I wouldn't be surprised either way.
Association pour Vivre l'AutoGestion, a social club for family entertainment, has this catalogue of rental games. Page 25 of this catalogue shows an ornamented pasang board. You have got to see it to believe it. The French are adding a dash of their own art to the Brunei game. That's truly multi-cultural.
Geoludie has an online catalogue of world games for sale. It includes what appears to be a modern looking pasang board with small plastic marbles as pieces (unless my discernment has failed me and those are actually computer generated). Geoludie's pasang has 2 sets of rules: the one described by Bell and the one implemented by Pasang Emas. (Geoludie actually contacted me in 2006 regarding the irreconcilable differences between the two versions. So, they are in business of selling pasang for a long time already). The unusual use of marbles (placed presumably inside shallow cups on the board) is based on Bell's description of the game. Having played Chinese checkers using marbles on a holey board, I can attest the practicality of that design.
17 March 2018: Edited to replace broken links with Wayback Machine
November 11, 2010
Game complexity
I instrumented Pasang Emas to collect statistics on its games. I set the demo mode to play weak against weak, weak against strong, and strong against strong. The following results were gathered from observing more than 3,000 games and more than 170,000 board positions. The results are not sensitive to the strength of the players.
Branching factors
In the opening stage, exactly 11 possible moves are available for the first player and 10 for the second.
In the kas selection stage, an average of 31 possible moves are available. The number will be less if we "merge" different moves that result in identical situations. Theoretically, the maximum branching factor during this stage is 50. This was indeed witnessed during the experiment.
In the rest of the game, a player has an average of 6 possible moves to choose from at each turn. This is very much less than the theoretical maximum of 40. Indeed, the maximum seen during the experiment was only 26.
Overall, the average branching factor is 7.
Game length
Since there are 118 pieces to capture, and each move is a capture move, the game obviously cannot exceed 118 plies. The longest game seen was 94 plies.
On average, a game takes 56 plies.
Complexity
The mode (12%) of the branching factors is 5. So, we can estimate the size of the game tree (ignoring the "zeroth" move, that of choosing a pattern to start the game) as 556, which is approximately 1039.
If we use the mean value 7 for the branching factor, the estimated tree size is 756, or approximately 2 x 1047.
A better estimate is to use the distribution of the branching factors. Here is a breakdown:
The above distribution is used in the following Ruby code to estimate the tree size:
The above code gives an estimated game tree size of 6 x 1042. (Using a more accurate breakdown from the raw data does not significantly change the result).
Average capture
Since there are 118 pieces to capture and the average game length is 56 plies, the average number of pieces captured by a move might be mistakenly taken as 118/56 = 2.1. But this is not the case. About 50% of the games observed during the experiment ended up in suntuk. The average number of pieces captured per move was only 1.9.
Branching factors
In the opening stage, exactly 11 possible moves are available for the first player and 10 for the second.
In the kas selection stage, an average of 31 possible moves are available. The number will be less if we "merge" different moves that result in identical situations. Theoretically, the maximum branching factor during this stage is 50. This was indeed witnessed during the experiment.
In the rest of the game, a player has an average of 6 possible moves to choose from at each turn. This is very much less than the theoretical maximum of 40. Indeed, the maximum seen during the experiment was only 26.
Overall, the average branching factor is 7.
Game length
Since there are 118 pieces to capture, and each move is a capture move, the game obviously cannot exceed 118 plies. The longest game seen was 94 plies.
On average, a game takes 56 plies.
Complexity
The mode (12%) of the branching factors is 5. So, we can estimate the size of the game tree (ignoring the "zeroth" move, that of choosing a pattern to start the game) as 556, which is approximately 1039.
If we use the mean value 7 for the branching factor, the estimated tree size is 756, or approximately 2 x 1047.
A better estimate is to use the distribution of the branching factors. Here is a breakdown:
| branches | frequency | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 3% | ||
| 2 | 7% | ||
| 3 | 9% | ||
| 4 | 11% | ||
| 5 | 12% | ||
| 6 | 11% | ||
| 7 | 10% | ||
| 8 | 8% | ||
| 9 | 6% | ||
| 10 | 6% | ||
| 11 | 5% | ||
| 12 | 2% | ||
| 13 | 1% | ||
| 14 | 1% | ||
| 15 or more | 8% |
The above distribution is used in the following Ruby code to estimate the tree size:
f = [3, 7, 9, 11, 12, 11, 10, 8, 6, 6, 5, 2, 1, 1, 8]
s = 1
f.each_with_index { |n, i| s = s * (i+1) ** (n/100.0 * 56) }
puts s
The above code gives an estimated game tree size of 6 x 1042. (Using a more accurate breakdown from the raw data does not significantly change the result).
Average capture
Since there are 118 pieces to capture and the average game length is 56 plies, the average number of pieces captured by a move might be mistakenly taken as 118/56 = 2.1. But this is not the case. About 50% of the games observed during the experiment ended up in suntuk. The average number of pieces captured per move was only 1.9.
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